WHAT THIS BILL REGULATES · 3 REQUIREMENT TYPES
How Is This Bill Enforced
Verbatim statutory text on the left; plain-language analysis and a per-section checklist on the right. Numbered markers cross-link to the matching checklist row.
(1) 1 No employerEmployer"Employer" means a business that: (i) is resident in the state, (ii) is not a small business, and (iii) employs more than one hundred people.Labor Law § 201-j(3)(a) shall utilize or apply any artificial intelligence unless the employerEmployer"Employer" means a business that: (i) is resident in the state, (ii) is not a small business, and (iii) employs more than one hundred people.Labor Law § 201-j(3)(a), or an entity acting on behalf of such employerEmployer"Employer" means a business that: (i) is resident in the state, (ii) is not a small business, and (iii) employs more than one hundred people.Labor Law § 201-j(3)(a), shall have conducted an impact assessment for the application and use of such artificial intelligence. Following the first impact assessment, an impact assessment shall be conducted at least once every two years. An impact assessment shall be conducted prior to any material change to the artificial intelligence that may change the outcome or effect of such system. Such impact assessments shall include: (a) a description of the objectives of the artificial intelligence; (b) an evaluation of the ability of the artificial intelligence to achieve its stated objectives; (c) a description and evaluation of the objectives and development of the artificial intelligence including: (i) a summary of the underlying algorithms, computational modes, and tools that are used within the artificial intelligence; and (ii) the design and training data used to develop the artificial intelligence process; (d) the extent to which the deployment and use of the artificial intelligence requires input of sensitive and personal data, how that data is used and stored, and any control users may have over their data; (e) an estimate of the number of employees already displaced due to artificial intelligence; and (f) an estimate of the number of employees expected to be displaced or otherwise affected due to the increased use of artificial intelligence in the workplace.
This section establishes the core pre-deployment obligation: no employer may use or apply any AI unless it has first conducted an impact assessment. The assessment must be repeated at least every two years and before any material change to the AI system. The required assessment elements span six categories covering objectives, capabilities, algorithmic transparency, training data, personal data handling, and — uniquely — both retrospective and prospective workforce displacement estimates.
The obligation applies to employers with more than 100 employees that are resident in New York and not small businesses. The scope of "artificial intelligence" is not formally defined in this section, which may create ambiguity about which systems trigger the assessment requirement.
(2) 2 Any impact assessment conducted pursuant to this subdivision shall be submitted to the department at least thirty days prior to the implementation of the artificial intelligence that is the subject of such assessment.
This section establishes a mandatory pre-implementation submission requirement: completed impact assessments must be filed with the Department of Labor at least 30 days before the employer implements the AI system that is the subject of the assessment. This creates a regulatory review window, though the bill does not specify whether the Department may block implementation or what happens if the Department raises objections during the 30-day period.
(3)(a)-(b) "EmployerEmployer"Employer" means a business that: (i) is resident in the state, (ii) is not a small business, and (iii) employs more than one hundred people.Labor Law § 201-j(3)(a)" means a business that: (i) is resident in the state, (ii) is not a small businessSmall business"Small business" means a business that: (i) is resident in the state, (ii) is independently owned and operated, (iii) is not dominant in its field, and (iv) employs one hundred or less people.Labor Law § 201-j(3)(b), and (iii) employs more than one hundred people. (b) "Small businessSmall business"Small business" means a business that: (i) is resident in the state, (ii) is independently owned and operated, (iii) is not dominant in its field, and (iv) employs one hundred or less people.Labor Law § 201-j(3)(b)" means a business that: (i) is resident in the state, (ii) is independently owned and operated, (iii) is not dominant in its field, and (iv) employs one hundred or less people.
This subsection defines the two key terms that determine coverage under the impact assessment requirement. An employer must be a New York-resident business with more than 100 employees that is not a small business. A small business is defined as a New York-resident, independently owned and operated business that is not dominant in its field and employs 100 or fewer people. Notably, the bill does not define 'artificial intelligence' itself.
(1)(a) 3 A surcharge on corporations that terminate the employment or substantially reduce the hours of at least the threshold number of employees pursuant to this subdivision due to any system or process that uses algorithms, computational models, artificial intelligence techniques, robotic hardware, or a combination thereof, to automate, support, or replace human labor is imposed at the rate of two percent of the corporation's business income base. The threshold number of employees shall be: (i) for employersEmployer"Employer" means a business that: (i) is resident in the state, (ii) is not a small business, and (iii) employs more than one hundred people.Labor Law § 201-j(3)(a) with between one hundred and two hundred fifty employees, twenty-five or more employees; (ii) for employersEmployer"Employer" means a business that: (i) is resident in the state, (ii) is not a small business, and (iii) employs more than one hundred people.Labor Law § 201-j(3)(a) with between two hundred fifty-one and five hundred employees, fifty or more employees; (iii) for employersEmployer"Employer" means a business that: (i) is resident in the state, (ii) is not a small business, and (iii) employs more than one hundred people.Labor Law § 201-j(3)(a) with between five hundred one and one thousand employees, one hundred or more employees; and (iv) for employersEmployer"Employer" means a business that: (i) is resident in the state, (ii) is not a small business, and (iii) employs more than one hundred people.Labor Law § 201-j(3)(a) with one thousand one or more employees, two hundred fifty or more employees.
(1)(b) 3 The surcharge shall be reported and paid to the commissioner no less frequently than on an annual basis. The payments shall be accompanied by a return in the form and containing the information the commissioner may prescribe.
(1)(c) 3 The commissioner, in consultation with the department of labor, may waive the surcharge set forth by paragraph (a) of this subdivision for an eligible corporation. The commissioner, in consultation with the department of labor, shall establish a process whereby eligible corporations may apply to have the surcharge waived. For the purposes of this section, an eligible corporation shall be: (i) A business that is found by the department of labor to be experiencing or anticipating a labor shortage; (ii) A business that demonstrates that it requires the use of algorithms, computational models, artificial intelligence techniques, robotic hardware, or a combination thereof, to protect or improve the production of agricultural commodities within the state; or (iii) A small businessSmall business"Small business" means a business that: (i) is resident in the state, (ii) is independently owned and operated, (iii) is not dominant in its field, and (iv) employs one hundred or less people.Labor Law § 201-j(3)(b), as defined by section one hundred thirty-one of the economic development law, that demonstrates that it requires the use of algorithms, computational models, artificial intelligence techniques, robotic hardware, or a combination thereof, to remain economically viable.
This section imposes a 2% surcharge on the business income base of corporations that terminate or substantially reduce the hours of a threshold number of employees due to AI or automation systems. The threshold is tiered by employer size: 25 employees for businesses with 100–250 employees, 50 for 251–500, 100 for 501–1,000, and 250 for employers with more than 1,000 employees. A waiver process is available for businesses experiencing labor shortages, agricultural businesses, and small businesses demonstrating economic necessity. The surcharge must be reported and paid at least annually.
The definition of triggering systems is broad, encompassing algorithms, computational models, AI techniques, robotic hardware, or any combination used to automate, support, or replace human labor.
(1)(d) 4 The department of labor shall annually report to the legislature on the number of waivers that it has granted pursuant to paragraph (c) of this subdivision, in the preceding year and the justification for why each waiver was granted. Such report shall be sent to the temporary president of the senate, the minority leader of the senate, the speaker of the assembly, and the minority leader of the assembly and shall be made available to the public on the website of the department.
This provision requires the Department of Labor to file an annual report with legislative leaders on surcharge waivers granted, including the justification for each waiver. The report must also be made publicly available on the Department's website. This creates a transparency mechanism for legislative oversight of the waiver process.
(2)(a)-(b) 5 A surcharge on corporations that use artificial intelligence for data miningData mining"Data mining" shall mean a process involving pattern-based queries, searches, or other analyses of one or more electronic databases.Tax Law § 186-h(2)(a) is imposed at the rate of two percent of the corporation's business income base. For the purposes of this subdivision, the term "data miningData mining"Data mining" shall mean a process involving pattern-based queries, searches, or other analyses of one or more electronic databases.Tax Law § 186-h(2)(a)" shall mean a process involving pattern-based queries, searches, or other analyses of one or more electronic databases. The surcharge shall be reported and paid to the commissioner no less frequently than on an annual basis. Surcharge payments shall be accompanied by a return in the form and containing the information the commissioner may prescribe.
This section imposes a separate 2% surcharge on the business income base of any corporation that uses AI for data mining. Data mining is defined extremely broadly as any process involving pattern-based queries, searches, or other analyses of one or more electronic databases. This definition could sweep in routine database operations, business intelligence tools, and standard analytics software that use any form of AI. The surcharge is reported and paid annually.
(3)(a)-(b) Except as otherwise provided in this section, the surcharges imposed under this section shall be administered and collected by the commissioner in a like manner as the taxes imposed by article twenty-eight of this chapter. All the provisions of article twenty-eight of this chapter, including the provisions relating to definitions, exemptions, returns, personal liability for the tax, collection of tax from the customer, payment of tax, and the administration of the taxes imposed by such article, shall apply to the surcharges imposed under the authority of this section so far as those provisions can be made applicable to the surcharges imposed by this section, with such modifications as may be necessary in order to adapt the language of those provisions to the surcharges imposed by this section. Those provisions shall apply with the same force and effect as if the language of those provisions had been set forth in full in this section, except to the extent that any of those provisions is either inconsistent with a provision of this section or is not relevant to the surcharge imposed by this section. For purposes of this section, any reference in this chapter to a tax or the taxes imposed by article twenty-eight of this chapter shall be deemed also to refer to the surcharges imposed by this section unless a different meaning is clearly required. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (a) of this subdivision: (1) the exemptions provided for in section eleven hundred sixteen of this chapter, other than the exemptions in paragraphs one, two and three of subdivision (a) of such section, shall not apply to the surcharges imposed by this section. (2) the credit provided in subdivision (f) of section eleven hundred thirty-seven of this chapter shall not apply to this section.
This section incorporates Article 28 of the tax law (sales and use tax provisions) as the administrative framework for the AI surcharges, including definitions, exemptions, returns, personal liability, collection, and payment provisions. It carves out certain exemptions and credits that do not apply. This is an administrative incorporation provision that creates no independent compliance obligation beyond the surcharges themselves.
(4) Notwithstanding any provision of law to the contrary, all surcharge monies collected and received by the commissioner under this section shall be deposited daily to the credit of the comptroller with those responsible banks, banking houses or trust companies the comptroller may designate. Those deposits shall be kept separate and apart from all other monies in the possession of the comptroller. The comptroller shall require adequate security from all such depositories. All surcharge monies collected and received under this section shall be paid to the department of labor to be used, in a manner prescribed by the commissioner of the department of labor, for worker retraining programs administered by the department, workforce development programs administered by the department or to be paid to the unemployment insurance fund.
This section directs that all surcharge revenues be deposited daily with designated banks, kept separate from other state funds, and paid to the Department of Labor for use in worker retraining programs, workforce development programs, or the unemployment insurance fund. This is a revenue allocation provision that creates no compliance obligation for regulated entities.
This act shall take effect immediately; provided, however, that section three of this act shall take effect January 1, 2026.
The act takes effect immediately upon enactment, except that Section 3 (the tax law surcharge provisions) takes effect January 1, 2026. This creates a staged implementation: impact assessment obligations under the labor law become effective immediately, while the surcharge regime begins on January 1, 2026.