WHAT THIS BILL REGULATES · 1 REQUIREMENT TYPE
How Is This Bill Enforced
Verbatim statutory text on the left; plain-language analysis and a per-section checklist on the right. Numbered markers cross-link to the matching checklist row.
(A) For the purpose of this section: "Artificial intelligence systemArtificial intelligence system"Artificial intelligence system" or "AI system" means any machine learning-based system that, for any explicit or implicit objective, infers from the inputs such system receives how to generate outputs, including content, decisions, predictions, and recommendations, that can influence physical or virtual environments. "Artificial intelligence system" does not include any artificial intelligence system or general purpose artificial intelligence model that is used for development, prototyping, and research activities before such artificial intelligence system or general purpose artificial intelligence model is made available to deployers or consumers.Va. Code § 9.1-116.11(A)" or "AI system" means any machine learning-based system that, for any explicit or implicit objective, infers from the inputs such system receives how to generate outputs, including content, decisions, predictions, and recommendations, that can influence physical or virtual environments. "Artificial intelligence systemArtificial intelligence system"Artificial intelligence system" or "AI system" means any machine learning-based system that, for any explicit or implicit objective, infers from the inputs such system receives how to generate outputs, including content, decisions, predictions, and recommendations, that can influence physical or virtual environments. "Artificial intelligence system" does not include any artificial intelligence system or general purpose artificial intelligence model that is used for development, prototyping, and research activities before such artificial intelligence system or general purpose artificial intelligence model is made available to deployers or consumers.Va. Code § 9.1-116.11(A)" does not include any artificial intelligence systemArtificial intelligence system"Artificial intelligence system" or "AI system" means any machine learning-based system that, for any explicit or implicit objective, infers from the inputs such system receives how to generate outputs, including content, decisions, predictions, and recommendations, that can influence physical or virtual environments. "Artificial intelligence system" does not include any artificial intelligence system or general purpose artificial intelligence model that is used for development, prototyping, and research activities before such artificial intelligence system or general purpose artificial intelligence model is made available to deployers or consumers.Va. Code § 9.1-116.11(A) or general purpose artificial intelligence model that is used for development, prototyping, and research activities before such artificial intelligence systemArtificial intelligence system"Artificial intelligence system" or "AI system" means any machine learning-based system that, for any explicit or implicit objective, infers from the inputs such system receives how to generate outputs, including content, decisions, predictions, and recommendations, that can influence physical or virtual environments. "Artificial intelligence system" does not include any artificial intelligence system or general purpose artificial intelligence model that is used for development, prototyping, and research activities before such artificial intelligence system or general purpose artificial intelligence model is made available to deployers or consumers.Va. Code § 9.1-116.11(A) or general purpose artificial intelligence model is made available to deployers or consumers. "Covered AI systemCovered AI system"Covered AI system" means any AI system used to aid a law-enforcement investigation, including by generating a lead for further investigation or corroboration or by writing or materially aiding in writing police reports or other records relating to a criminal investigation. "Covered AI system" includes technologies that perform biometric identification; forensic DNA phenotyping; forensic investigative genetic genealogy; cross-camera tracking or other artificial intelligence-enabled location tracking; vehicle surveillance or tracking, including automated license plate readers; anomaly detection; gunshot detection; person-based predictive policing; risk scoring; behavioral analysis; sentiment analysis; convoy analysis; fraud detection; analysis of financial transactions; mobile device forensic tools; artificial intelligence-enabled data integration and analytics platforms; and social network or social media analysis. "Covered AI system" does not include an AI system that is used for administrative tasks that do not materially impact law-enforcement investigations, such as productivity and document management tools, or generative AI technologies used to check spelling or grammar.Va. Code § 9.1-116.11(A)" means any AI system used to aid a law-enforcement investigation, including by generating a lead for further investigation or corroboration or by writing or materially aiding in writing police reports or other records relating to a criminal investigation. "Covered AI systemCovered AI system"Covered AI system" means any AI system used to aid a law-enforcement investigation, including by generating a lead for further investigation or corroboration or by writing or materially aiding in writing police reports or other records relating to a criminal investigation. "Covered AI system" includes technologies that perform biometric identification; forensic DNA phenotyping; forensic investigative genetic genealogy; cross-camera tracking or other artificial intelligence-enabled location tracking; vehicle surveillance or tracking, including automated license plate readers; anomaly detection; gunshot detection; person-based predictive policing; risk scoring; behavioral analysis; sentiment analysis; convoy analysis; fraud detection; analysis of financial transactions; mobile device forensic tools; artificial intelligence-enabled data integration and analytics platforms; and social network or social media analysis. "Covered AI system" does not include an AI system that is used for administrative tasks that do not materially impact law-enforcement investigations, such as productivity and document management tools, or generative AI technologies used to check spelling or grammar.Va. Code § 9.1-116.11(A)" includes technologies that perform biometric identification; forensic DNA phenotyping; forensic investigative genetic genealogy; cross-camera tracking or other artificial intelligence-enabled location tracking; vehicle surveillance or tracking, including automated license plate readers; anomaly detection; gunshot detection; person-based predictive policing; risk scoring; behavioral analysis; sentiment analysis; convoy analysis; fraud detection; analysis of financial transactions; mobile device forensic tools; artificial intelligence-enabled data integration and analytics platforms; and social network or social media analysis. "Covered AI systemCovered AI system"Covered AI system" means any AI system used to aid a law-enforcement investigation, including by generating a lead for further investigation or corroboration or by writing or materially aiding in writing police reports or other records relating to a criminal investigation. "Covered AI system" includes technologies that perform biometric identification; forensic DNA phenotyping; forensic investigative genetic genealogy; cross-camera tracking or other artificial intelligence-enabled location tracking; vehicle surveillance or tracking, including automated license plate readers; anomaly detection; gunshot detection; person-based predictive policing; risk scoring; behavioral analysis; sentiment analysis; convoy analysis; fraud detection; analysis of financial transactions; mobile device forensic tools; artificial intelligence-enabled data integration and analytics platforms; and social network or social media analysis. "Covered AI system" does not include an AI system that is used for administrative tasks that do not materially impact law-enforcement investigations, such as productivity and document management tools, or generative AI technologies used to check spelling or grammar.Va. Code § 9.1-116.11(A)" does not include an AI system that is used for administrative tasks that do not materially impact law-enforcement investigations, such as productivity and document management tools, or generative AI technologies used to check spelling or grammar. "Law-enforcement agencyLaw-enforcement agency"Law-enforcement agency" includes any state or local law-enforcement agency or sheriff's department.Va. Code § 9.1-116.11(A)" includes any state or local law-enforcement agencyLaw-enforcement agency"Law-enforcement agency" includes any state or local law-enforcement agency or sheriff's department.Va. Code § 9.1-116.11(A) or sheriff's department.
Subsection A establishes the three defined terms that frame the bill's scope. Artificial intelligence system is defined broadly as any machine learning-based system that infers how to generate outputs from inputs, but excludes systems used solely for development, prototyping, or research before being made available to deployers or consumers. Covered AI system narrows the scope to AI used to aid law-enforcement investigations, with an extensive enumerated list of included technologies — from biometric identification and predictive policing to mobile device forensic tools and social media analysis — and an express carve-out for administrative tools like grammar checkers and document management systems. Law-enforcement agency covers all state and local agencies and sheriff's departments.
(B) 1 All law-enforcement agencies shall conduct an annual inventory of any covered AI systemCovered AI system"Covered AI system" means any AI system used to aid a law-enforcement investigation, including by generating a lead for further investigation or corroboration or by writing or materially aiding in writing police reports or other records relating to a criminal investigation. "Covered AI system" includes technologies that perform biometric identification; forensic DNA phenotyping; forensic investigative genetic genealogy; cross-camera tracking or other artificial intelligence-enabled location tracking; vehicle surveillance or tracking, including automated license plate readers; anomaly detection; gunshot detection; person-based predictive policing; risk scoring; behavioral analysis; sentiment analysis; convoy analysis; fraud detection; analysis of financial transactions; mobile device forensic tools; artificial intelligence-enabled data integration and analytics platforms; and social network or social media analysis. "Covered AI system" does not include an AI system that is used for administrative tasks that do not materially impact law-enforcement investigations, such as productivity and document management tools, or generative AI technologies used to check spelling or grammar.Va. Code § 9.1-116.11(A) used by such agency and shall make such inventory publicly available by November 1 of each year. Such inventory shall include the following information for each covered AI systemCovered AI system"Covered AI system" means any AI system used to aid a law-enforcement investigation, including by generating a lead for further investigation or corroboration or by writing or materially aiding in writing police reports or other records relating to a criminal investigation. "Covered AI system" includes technologies that perform biometric identification; forensic DNA phenotyping; forensic investigative genetic genealogy; cross-camera tracking or other artificial intelligence-enabled location tracking; vehicle surveillance or tracking, including automated license plate readers; anomaly detection; gunshot detection; person-based predictive policing; risk scoring; behavioral analysis; sentiment analysis; convoy analysis; fraud detection; analysis of financial transactions; mobile device forensic tools; artificial intelligence-enabled data integration and analytics platforms; and social network or social media analysis. "Covered AI system" does not include an AI system that is used for administrative tasks that do not materially impact law-enforcement investigations, such as productivity and document management tools, or generative AI technologies used to check spelling or grammar.Va. Code § 9.1-116.11(A): 1. The name of each system, including the vendor and product name, if applicable; 2. A brief description of each system's capabilities and limitations; 3. A brief description of the types of data inputs each system uses and outputs it produces; and 4. A brief description of authorized and unauthorized uses for each system.
Subsection B imposes the bill's core substantive obligation: every law-enforcement agency must conduct an annual inventory of all covered AI systems and make it publicly available by November 1 of each year. The inventory must include four categories of information for each system: system name and vendor; capabilities and limitations; data inputs and outputs; and authorized and unauthorized uses. This is a public-facing transparency requirement modeled on government AI registry frameworks, requiring annual refresh rather than a one-time disclosure.
(C) 2 The Attorney General may investigate and, if warranted, bring a civil action against any law-enforcement agencyLaw-enforcement agency"Law-enforcement agency" includes any state or local law-enforcement agency or sheriff's department.Va. Code § 9.1-116.11(A) to obtain equitable or declaratory relief to enforce the provisions of this section.
Subsection C authorizes the Attorney General to investigate potential violations and, if warranted, bring a civil action against any non-compliant law-enforcement agency. Remedies are limited to equitable and declaratory relief — the subsection does not authorize monetary damages or penalties.
(D) 3 Any person who resides within the jurisdiction of a law-enforcement agencyLaw-enforcement agency"Law-enforcement agency" includes any state or local law-enforcement agency or sheriff's department.Va. Code § 9.1-116.11(A) that is subject to the requirements of this section may bring a civil action against the law-enforcement agencyLaw-enforcement agency"Law-enforcement agency" includes any state or local law-enforcement agency or sheriff's department.Va. Code § 9.1-116.11(A) to obtain equitable or declaratory relief to enforce the provisions of this section. A prevailing plaintiff shall be entitled to reasonable attorney fees and costs. No action may be commenced against a law-enforcement agencyLaw-enforcement agency"Law-enforcement agency" includes any state or local law-enforcement agency or sheriff's department.Va. Code § 9.1-116.11(A) under this section unless the plaintiff has provided written notice of the alleged violation to the agency or political subdivision at least 90 days prior to filing suit, in a manner that is reasonably calculated to enable the entity to cure the alleged violation.
Subsection D creates a private right of action for any person residing within the jurisdiction of a non-compliant law-enforcement agency. The remedy is limited to equitable and declaratory relief, with prevailing plaintiffs entitled to reasonable attorney fees and costs. Before filing suit, a plaintiff must provide written notice of the alleged violation to the agency or political subdivision at least 90 days before commencing the action, in a manner reasonably calculated to enable the entity to cure the violation. This cure period functions as a safe harbor — if the agency publishes its inventory within the 90-day window, the basis for the action is eliminated.