Hawaii · House Bill · Thirty-Third Legislature, 2026
HB2502
Hawaii HB 2502 — Artificial Intelligence Disclosure and Safety Act (H.D. 1)

Status ● Introduced Effective N/A Passage Likelihood L

WHAT THIS BILL REGULATES · 6 REQUIREMENT TYPES

How Is This Bill Enforced

Enforcement Authority
Attorney general enforcement. The attorney general may bring a civil action for violations. No private right of action — the statute expressly disclaims creation of a private right of action or support for a private right of action under any other law.
Private Right of Action
No private right of action. Enforcement is exclusive to the designated authority.
Penalties
Damages equal to the greater of actual damages or $1,000 per violation, capped at $1,000,000 per operator for the statutory penalty. Injunctive relief available. Reasonable attorneys' fees and costs recoverable. Violations also constitute unfair or deceptive acts or practices under Chapter 481B.

What This Bill Requires

Verbatim statutory text on the left; plain-language analysis and a per-section checklist on the right. Numbered markers cross-link to the matching checklist row.

Statutory Text
Analysis & Obligations
§481B-__(a)
AI identity disclosure — general
Deployer

(a) 1 If a reasonable person interacting with a conversational artificial intelligence serviceConversational artificial intelligence service"Conversational artificial intelligence service" or "service" means an artificial intelligence software application, web interface, or computer program, including any system that is integrated into or operates in conjunction with another social media platform, application, web interface, or computer program, that is accessible to the general public that primarily simulates human conversation and interaction through textual, visual, or aural communications. "Conversational artificial intelligence service" does not include an application, web interface, or computer program that: (1) Is primarily designed and marketed for use by developers or researchers; (2) Is a feature within another software application, web interface, or computer program that is not a conversational artificial intelligence service; (3) Is designed to provide outputs relating to a narrow and discrete topic; (4) Is primarily designed and marketed for commercial use by business entities; (5) Functions as a speaker and voice command interface or voice-activated virtual assistant for a consumer electronic device; or (6) Is used by a business solely for internal purposes.§481B-__(k) would be led to believe that the person is interacting with a human, an operatorOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k) shall issue a clear and conspicuous notification indicating that the service is artificial intelligenceArtificial intelligence"Artificial intelligence" means an engineered or machine‑based system that varies in its level of autonomy and that can, for explicit or implicit objectives, infer from the input it receives how to generate outputs that can influence physical or virtual environments.§481B-__(k) and not human.

Subsection (a) imposes the bill's baseline AI identity disclosure requirement on operators. The trigger is a reasonable-person standard: disclosure is required whenever a reasonable person would be led to believe they are interacting with a human. The notification must be clear and conspicuous. This is a conditional obligation — it does not apply if no reasonable person would be misled.

Compliance actions 1 item
1
OperatorsOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k) must issue a clear and conspicuous notification that the conversational AI service is artificial intelligenceArtificial intelligence"Artificial intelligence" means an engineered or machine‑based system that varies in its level of autonomy and that can, for explicit or implicit objectives, infer from the input it receives how to generate outputs that can influence physical or virtual environments.§481B-__(k) and not human whenever a reasonable person interacting with it would be led to believe they are interacting with a human.
T-01.1
§481B-__(b)
AI identity disclosure — minors
Deployer

(b) 2 If an operatorOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k) has actual knowledge or reasonable certainty that an account holder or userAccount holder or user"Account holder" or "user" means a person who: (1) Has, or generates, an account or profile to use a conversational artificial intelligence service; or (2) Uses a conversational artificial intelligence service as a guest or through a temporary account without creating an account or profile.§481B-__(k) is a minorMinor"Minor" means any person under eighteen years of age.§481B-__(k), the operatorOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k) shall clearly and conspicuously disclose to the minorMinor"Minor" means any person under eighteen years of age.§481B-__(k) account holder or userAccount holder or user"Account holder" or "user" means a person who: (1) Has, or generates, an account or profile to use a conversational artificial intelligence service; or (2) Uses a conversational artificial intelligence service as a guest or through a temporary account without creating an account or profile.§481B-__(k) that they are interacting with artificial intelligenceArtificial intelligence"Artificial intelligence" means an engineered or machine‑based system that varies in its level of autonomy and that can, for explicit or implicit objectives, infer from the input it receives how to generate outputs that can influence physical or virtual environments.§481B-__(k): (1) As a persistent visible disclaimer; or (2) Both: (A) At the beginning of each session; and (B) Appearing at least every hour in a continuous conversational artificial intelligence serviceConversational artificial intelligence service"Conversational artificial intelligence service" or "service" means an artificial intelligence software application, web interface, or computer program, including any system that is integrated into or operates in conjunction with another social media platform, application, web interface, or computer program, that is accessible to the general public that primarily simulates human conversation and interaction through textual, visual, or aural communications. "Conversational artificial intelligence service" does not include an application, web interface, or computer program that: (1) Is primarily designed and marketed for use by developers or researchers; (2) Is a feature within another software application, web interface, or computer program that is not a conversational artificial intelligence service; (3) Is designed to provide outputs relating to a narrow and discrete topic; (4) Is primarily designed and marketed for commercial use by business entities; (5) Functions as a speaker and voice command interface or voice-activated virtual assistant for a consumer electronic device; or (6) Is used by a business solely for internal purposes.§481B-__(k) interaction that reminds the user to take a break from the chat and that the conversation is artificially generated and not human.

Subsection (b) imposes heightened AI identity disclosure requirements when the operator has actual knowledge or reasonable certainty that the user is a minor. Unlike the general disclosure in subsection (a), this is unconditional — no reasonable-person standard applies. Operators must provide disclosure either as a persistent visible disclaimer or through a dual mechanism: session-start disclosure plus hourly reminders during continuous interactions. The hourly reminder interval is notably shorter than California SB 243's three-hour interval.

Compliance actions 1 item
2
OperatorsOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k) must, for any user they know or have reasonable certainty is a minorMinor"Minor" means any person under eighteen years of age.§481B-__(k), disclose that the user is interacting with AI either (1) as a persistent visible disclaimer or (2) at the beginning of each session and at least every hour during continuous interaction, with a reminder to take a break and that the conversation is artificially generated.
T-01.1
§481B-__(c)
Operator safety and disclosure obligations
Deployer

(c)(1)–(3) 3 An operatorOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k) shall: (1) Adopt a protocol for the conversational artificial intelligence serviceConversational artificial intelligence service"Conversational artificial intelligence service" or "service" means an artificial intelligence software application, web interface, or computer program, including any system that is integrated into or operates in conjunction with another social media platform, application, web interface, or computer program, that is accessible to the general public that primarily simulates human conversation and interaction through textual, visual, or aural communications. "Conversational artificial intelligence service" does not include an application, web interface, or computer program that: (1) Is primarily designed and marketed for use by developers or researchers; (2) Is a feature within another software application, web interface, or computer program that is not a conversational artificial intelligence service; (3) Is designed to provide outputs relating to a narrow and discrete topic; (4) Is primarily designed and marketed for commercial use by business entities; (5) Functions as a speaker and voice command interface or voice-activated virtual assistant for a consumer electronic device; or (6) Is used by a business solely for internal purposes.§481B-__(k) to respond to user prompts regarding suicidal ideation or self-harm that includes but is not limited to making reasonable efforts to provide a response to the user that refers them to crisis service providers such as a suicide hotline, a crisis text line, or other appropriate crisis services; (2) Adopt and maintain a protocol for preventing the production of suicidal ideation, suicide, or self-harm content to the user, including by providing a notification to the user that refers the user to crisis service providers; (3) Use evidence-based methods for measuring suicidal ideation;

(c)(4) 4 Not knowingly or intentionally cause or program a conversational artificial intelligence serviceConversational artificial intelligence service"Conversational artificial intelligence service" or "service" means an artificial intelligence software application, web interface, or computer program, including any system that is integrated into or operates in conjunction with another social media platform, application, web interface, or computer program, that is accessible to the general public that primarily simulates human conversation and interaction through textual, visual, or aural communications. "Conversational artificial intelligence service" does not include an application, web interface, or computer program that: (1) Is primarily designed and marketed for use by developers or researchers; (2) Is a feature within another software application, web interface, or computer program that is not a conversational artificial intelligence service; (3) Is designed to provide outputs relating to a narrow and discrete topic; (4) Is primarily designed and marketed for commercial use by business entities; (5) Functions as a speaker and voice command interface or voice-activated virtual assistant for a consumer electronic device; or (6) Is used by a business solely for internal purposes.§481B-__(k) to make any representation or statement that explicitly indicates that the service is designed to provide professional mental or behavioral health care;

(c)(5) 5 Disclose to a user that the conversational artificial intelligence serviceConversational artificial intelligence service"Conversational artificial intelligence service" or "service" means an artificial intelligence software application, web interface, or computer program, including any system that is integrated into or operates in conjunction with another social media platform, application, web interface, or computer program, that is accessible to the general public that primarily simulates human conversation and interaction through textual, visual, or aural communications. "Conversational artificial intelligence service" does not include an application, web interface, or computer program that: (1) Is primarily designed and marketed for use by developers or researchers; (2) Is a feature within another software application, web interface, or computer program that is not a conversational artificial intelligence service; (3) Is designed to provide outputs relating to a narrow and discrete topic; (4) Is primarily designed and marketed for commercial use by business entities; (5) Functions as a speaker and voice command interface or voice-activated virtual assistant for a consumer electronic device; or (6) Is used by a business solely for internal purposes.§481B-__(k) may not be suitable for minorsMinor"Minor" means any person under eighteen years of age.§481B-__(k); and

(c)(6) 6 Notify a user of the operatorOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k)'s duty of care and liability pursuant to this section.

Subsection (c) imposes six distinct operator obligations spanning crisis response, content restrictions, and user disclosures. Paragraphs (1) through (3) establish the bill's crisis response framework: operators must adopt protocols to respond to suicidal ideation prompts with crisis referrals, maintain protocols to prevent production of self-harm content, and use evidence-based measurement methods. Paragraph (4) prohibits operators from representing the service as a professional mental or behavioral health care provider. Paragraphs (5) and (6) impose affirmative disclosure duties — operators must warn that the service may not be suitable for minors and notify users of the operator's duty of care and liability.

Compliance actions 4 items
3
OperatorsOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k) must (1) adopt a protocol to respond to user prompts regarding suicidal ideation or self-harm by referring users to crisis service providers, (2) adopt and maintain a protocol to prevent production of suicidal ideation, suicide, or self-harm content, and (3) use evidence-based methods for measuring suicidal ideation.
S-04.1
4
OperatorsOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k) must not knowingly or intentionally cause or program a conversational AI service to make any representation or statement that explicitly indicates the service is designed to provide professional mental or behavioral health care.
CP-01.9
5
OperatorsOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k) must disclose to users that the conversational AI service may not be suitable for minorsMinor"Minor" means any person under eighteen years of age.§481B-__(k).
S-02.10
6
OperatorsOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k) must notify users of the operatorOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k)'s duty of care and liability under this section.
S-02.10
§481B-__(d)
Minor-specific protections
Deployer

(d)(1) 7 Where an operatorOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k) knows or has reasonable certainty that an account holder or userAccount holder or user"Account holder" or "user" means a person who: (1) Has, or generates, an account or profile to use a conversational artificial intelligence service; or (2) Uses a conversational artificial intelligence service as a guest or through a temporary account without creating an account or profile.§481B-__(k) is a minorMinor"Minor" means any person under eighteen years of age.§481B-__(k), an operatorOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k) shall: (1) Not provide the user with points or similar rewards at unpredictable intervals with the intent to encourage increased engagement with the conversational artificial intelligence serviceConversational artificial intelligence service"Conversational artificial intelligence service" or "service" means an artificial intelligence software application, web interface, or computer program, including any system that is integrated into or operates in conjunction with another social media platform, application, web interface, or computer program, that is accessible to the general public that primarily simulates human conversation and interaction through textual, visual, or aural communications. "Conversational artificial intelligence service" does not include an application, web interface, or computer program that: (1) Is primarily designed and marketed for use by developers or researchers; (2) Is a feature within another software application, web interface, or computer program that is not a conversational artificial intelligence service; (3) Is designed to provide outputs relating to a narrow and discrete topic; (4) Is primarily designed and marketed for commercial use by business entities; (5) Functions as a speaker and voice command interface or voice-activated virtual assistant for a consumer electronic device; or (6) Is used by a business solely for internal purposes.§481B-__(k);

(d)(2) 8 Institute reasonable measures to prevent the conversational artificial intelligence serviceConversational artificial intelligence service"Conversational artificial intelligence service" or "service" means an artificial intelligence software application, web interface, or computer program, including any system that is integrated into or operates in conjunction with another social media platform, application, web interface, or computer program, that is accessible to the general public that primarily simulates human conversation and interaction through textual, visual, or aural communications. "Conversational artificial intelligence service" does not include an application, web interface, or computer program that: (1) Is primarily designed and marketed for use by developers or researchers; (2) Is a feature within another software application, web interface, or computer program that is not a conversational artificial intelligence service; (3) Is designed to provide outputs relating to a narrow and discrete topic; (4) Is primarily designed and marketed for commercial use by business entities; (5) Functions as a speaker and voice command interface or voice-activated virtual assistant for a consumer electronic device; or (6) Is used by a business solely for internal purposes.§481B-__(k) from: (A) Producing visual material of sexually explicit conductSexually explicit conduct"Sexually explicit conduct" has the same meaning as defined in title 18 United States Code section 2256.§481B-__(k); (B) Generating direct statements that the account holder should engage in sexually explicit conductSexually explicit conduct"Sexually explicit conduct" has the same meaning as defined in title 18 United States Code section 2256.§481B-__(k); or (C) Generating statements that sexually objectify the account holder;

(d)(3) 9 Institute reasonable measures to prevent the conversational artificial intelligence serviceConversational artificial intelligence service"Conversational artificial intelligence service" or "service" means an artificial intelligence software application, web interface, or computer program, including any system that is integrated into or operates in conjunction with another social media platform, application, web interface, or computer program, that is accessible to the general public that primarily simulates human conversation and interaction through textual, visual, or aural communications. "Conversational artificial intelligence service" does not include an application, web interface, or computer program that: (1) Is primarily designed and marketed for use by developers or researchers; (2) Is a feature within another software application, web interface, or computer program that is not a conversational artificial intelligence service; (3) Is designed to provide outputs relating to a narrow and discrete topic; (4) Is primarily designed and marketed for commercial use by business entities; (5) Functions as a speaker and voice command interface or voice-activated virtual assistant for a consumer electronic device; or (6) Is used by a business solely for internal purposes.§481B-__(k) from generating statements that would lead a reasonable person to believe that they are interacting with a human, including: (A) Explicit claims that the service is sentient or human; (B) Statements that simulate emotional dependence; and (C) Statements that simulate romantic or sexual innuendos; and

(d)(4) 10 Offer tools to manage the minorMinor"Minor" means any person under eighteen years of age.§481B-__(k) account holder's or user's privacy and account settings to: (A) The minorMinor"Minor" means any person under eighteen years of age.§481B-__(k) account holder or userAccount holder or user"Account holder" or "user" means a person who: (1) Has, or generates, an account or profile to use a conversational artificial intelligence service; or (2) Uses a conversational artificial intelligence service as a guest or through a temporary account without creating an account or profile.§481B-__(k); and (B) The parent or guardian of the minorMinor"Minor" means any person under eighteen years of age.§481B-__(k) account holder or userAccount holder or user"Account holder" or "user" means a person who: (1) Has, or generates, an account or profile to use a conversational artificial intelligence service; or (2) Uses a conversational artificial intelligence service as a guest or through a temporary account without creating an account or profile.§481B-__(k) if the minorMinor"Minor" means any person under eighteen years of age.§481B-__(k) account holder or userAccount holder or user"Account holder" or "user" means a person who: (1) Has, or generates, an account or profile to use a conversational artificial intelligence service; or (2) Uses a conversational artificial intelligence service as a guest or through a temporary account without creating an account or profile.§481B-__(k) is under sixteen years of age; provided that the operatorOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k) shall also make the tools required by this paragraph available to the parent or guardian of a minorMinor"Minor" means any person under eighteen years of age.§481B-__(k) account holder or userAccount holder or user"Account holder" or "user" means a person who: (1) Has, or generates, an account or profile to use a conversational artificial intelligence service; or (2) Uses a conversational artificial intelligence service as a guest or through a temporary account without creating an account or profile.§481B-__(k) sixteen years of age and above as appropriate based on relevant risks.

Subsection (d) imposes four categories of minor-specific protections triggered when the operator knows or has reasonable certainty that the user is a minor. Paragraph (1) prohibits variable-ratio reward mechanics designed to drive engagement. Paragraph (2) requires reasonable measures to prevent sexually explicit content, solicitation, and sexual objectification of minor users. Paragraph (3) requires prevention of statements that would lead a minor to believe they are interacting with a human — covering claims of sentience, emotional dependency simulation, and romantic or sexual innuendo. Paragraph (4) requires operators to provide privacy and account management tools to the minor and, for minors under sixteen, to the parent or guardian, with a proviso extending parental access to those sixteen and above based on relevant risks.

Compliance actions 4 items
7
OperatorsOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k) must not provide minorMinor"Minor" means any person under eighteen years of age.§481B-__(k) users with points or similar rewards at unpredictable intervals intended to encourage increased engagement with the conversational AI service.
MN-01.4
8
OperatorsOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k) must institute reasonable measures to prevent the conversational AI service from producing visual material of sexually explicit conductSexually explicit conduct"Sexually explicit conduct" has the same meaning as defined in title 18 United States Code section 2256.§481B-__(k), generating statements that the minorMinor"Minor" means any person under eighteen years of age.§481B-__(k) should engage in sexually explicit conductSexually explicit conduct"Sexually explicit conduct" has the same meaning as defined in title 18 United States Code section 2256.§481B-__(k), or generating statements that sexually objectify the minorMinor"Minor" means any person under eighteen years of age.§481B-__(k).
MN-01.6
9
OperatorsOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k) must institute reasonable measures to prevent the conversational AI service from generating statements to minorMinor"Minor" means any person under eighteen years of age.§481B-__(k) users that would lead a reasonable person to believe they are interacting with a human, including claims of sentience, statements simulating emotional dependence, and statements simulating romantic or sexual innuendo.
MN-01.5
10
OperatorsOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k) must offer minorMinor"Minor" means any person under eighteen years of age.§481B-__(k) users and their parents or guardians (for minorsMinor"Minor" means any person under eighteen years of age.§481B-__(k) under sixteen) tools to manage the minorMinor"Minor" means any person under eighteen years of age.§481B-__(k)'s privacy and account settings. OperatorsOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k) must also make such tools available to parents or guardians of minorsMinor"Minor" means any person under eighteen years of age.§481B-__(k) sixteen and above as appropriate based on relevant risks.
MN-01.3
§481B-__(e)
Annual reporting to DCCA
Deployer

(e) 11 Beginning January 1, 2027, an operatorOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k) shall submit to the department of commerce and consumer affairs an annual report that includes: (1) The number of times an operatorOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k) has issued a crisis service provider referral in the preceding calendar year; (2) Protocols put in place to detect, remove, and respond to instances of suicidal ideation by users; and (3) Protocols put in place to prohibit a chatbot response about suicidal ideation or actions with the user; provided that the report shall only include the information listed in this subsection and shall not include any identifiers or personal information about users.

Subsection (e) establishes an annual reporting obligation to the Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs beginning January 1, 2027. The report must include crisis referral counts, suicidal ideation detection and response protocols, and protocols for prohibiting chatbot responses about suicidal ideation. The report must not include user identifiers or personal information. This is a routine scheduled reporting obligation distinct from incident-triggered reporting.

Compliance actions 1 item
11
OperatorsOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k) must, beginning January 1, 2027, submit an annual report to the Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs disclosing (1) the number of crisis service provider referrals issued in the preceding year, (2) protocols for detecting, removing, and responding to suicidal ideation, and (3) protocols for prohibiting chatbot suicidal ideation responses. Reports must not include user identifiers or personal information.
R-03.1
§481B-__(f)–(j)
Enforcement, liability, and savings provisions

(f) Any violation of this section shall be considered an unfair or deceptive act or practice under this chapter.

(g) The attorney general may bring an action based on a violation of this section to recover all of the following relief: (1) Injunctive relief; (2) Damages in an amount equal to the greater of: (A) Actual damages; or (B) A civil penalty of $1,000 per violation; provided that damages awarded under this subparagraph shall not exceed $1,000,000 per operatorOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k); and (3) Reasonable attorneys' fees and costs.

(h) Nothing in this section shall be interpreted as creating a private right of action to enforce this section or to support a private right of action under any other law.

(i) This section shall not create liability for the developer of an artificial intelligenceArtificial intelligence"Artificial intelligence" means an engineered or machine‑based system that varies in its level of autonomy and that can, for explicit or implicit objectives, infer from the input it receives how to generate outputs that can influence physical or virtual environments.§481B-__(k) model for any violation of this section by an artificial intelligenceArtificial intelligence"Artificial intelligence" means an engineered or machine‑based system that varies in its level of autonomy and that can, for explicit or implicit objectives, infer from the input it receives how to generate outputs that can influence physical or virtual environments.§481B-__(k) system developed by a third party to provide a conversational artificial intelligence serviceConversational artificial intelligence service"Conversational artificial intelligence service" or "service" means an artificial intelligence software application, web interface, or computer program, including any system that is integrated into or operates in conjunction with another social media platform, application, web interface, or computer program, that is accessible to the general public that primarily simulates human conversation and interaction through textual, visual, or aural communications. "Conversational artificial intelligence service" does not include an application, web interface, or computer program that: (1) Is primarily designed and marketed for use by developers or researchers; (2) Is a feature within another software application, web interface, or computer program that is not a conversational artificial intelligence service; (3) Is designed to provide outputs relating to a narrow and discrete topic; (4) Is primarily designed and marketed for commercial use by business entities; (5) Functions as a speaker and voice command interface or voice-activated virtual assistant for a consumer electronic device; or (6) Is used by a business solely for internal purposes.§481B-__(k).

(j) The duties, remedies, and obligations imposed by this section are cumulative to the duties, remedies, or obligations imposed under other law and shall not be construed to relieve an operatorOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k) from any duties, remedies, or obligations imposed under any other law.

Subsections (f) through (j) establish the enforcement framework and liability rules. Subsection (f) designates violations as unfair or deceptive acts or practices under Chapter 481B. Subsection (g) authorizes the attorney general to bring civil actions for injunctive relief, damages (greater of actual damages or $1,000 per violation capped at $1,000,000 per operator), and attorneys' fees. Subsection (h) expressly disclaims any private right of action. Subsection (i) shields AI model developers from liability for violations by third-party operators. Subsection (j) is a cumulative-remedies savings clause preserving other legal obligations.

§481B-__(k)
Definitions

(k) For the purposes of this section: "Account holder" or "user" means a person who: (1) Has, or generates, an account or profile to use a conversational artificial intelligence serviceConversational artificial intelligence service"Conversational artificial intelligence service" or "service" means an artificial intelligence software application, web interface, or computer program, including any system that is integrated into or operates in conjunction with another social media platform, application, web interface, or computer program, that is accessible to the general public that primarily simulates human conversation and interaction through textual, visual, or aural communications. "Conversational artificial intelligence service" does not include an application, web interface, or computer program that: (1) Is primarily designed and marketed for use by developers or researchers; (2) Is a feature within another software application, web interface, or computer program that is not a conversational artificial intelligence service; (3) Is designed to provide outputs relating to a narrow and discrete topic; (4) Is primarily designed and marketed for commercial use by business entities; (5) Functions as a speaker and voice command interface or voice-activated virtual assistant for a consumer electronic device; or (6) Is used by a business solely for internal purposes.§481B-__(k); or (2) Uses a conversational artificial intelligence serviceConversational artificial intelligence service"Conversational artificial intelligence service" or "service" means an artificial intelligence software application, web interface, or computer program, including any system that is integrated into or operates in conjunction with another social media platform, application, web interface, or computer program, that is accessible to the general public that primarily simulates human conversation and interaction through textual, visual, or aural communications. "Conversational artificial intelligence service" does not include an application, web interface, or computer program that: (1) Is primarily designed and marketed for use by developers or researchers; (2) Is a feature within another software application, web interface, or computer program that is not a conversational artificial intelligence service; (3) Is designed to provide outputs relating to a narrow and discrete topic; (4) Is primarily designed and marketed for commercial use by business entities; (5) Functions as a speaker and voice command interface or voice-activated virtual assistant for a consumer electronic device; or (6) Is used by a business solely for internal purposes.§481B-__(k) as a guest or through a temporary account without creating an account or profile. "Artificial intelligenceArtificial intelligence"Artificial intelligence" means an engineered or machine‑based system that varies in its level of autonomy and that can, for explicit or implicit objectives, infer from the input it receives how to generate outputs that can influence physical or virtual environments.§481B-__(k)" means an engineered or machine‑based system that varies in its level of autonomy and that can, for explicit or implicit objectives, infer from the input it receives how to generate outputs that can influence physical or virtual environments. "Conversational artificial intelligence serviceConversational artificial intelligence service"Conversational artificial intelligence service" or "service" means an artificial intelligence software application, web interface, or computer program, including any system that is integrated into or operates in conjunction with another social media platform, application, web interface, or computer program, that is accessible to the general public that primarily simulates human conversation and interaction through textual, visual, or aural communications. "Conversational artificial intelligence service" does not include an application, web interface, or computer program that: (1) Is primarily designed and marketed for use by developers or researchers; (2) Is a feature within another software application, web interface, or computer program that is not a conversational artificial intelligence service; (3) Is designed to provide outputs relating to a narrow and discrete topic; (4) Is primarily designed and marketed for commercial use by business entities; (5) Functions as a speaker and voice command interface or voice-activated virtual assistant for a consumer electronic device; or (6) Is used by a business solely for internal purposes.§481B-__(k)" or "service" means an artificial intelligenceArtificial intelligence"Artificial intelligence" means an engineered or machine‑based system that varies in its level of autonomy and that can, for explicit or implicit objectives, infer from the input it receives how to generate outputs that can influence physical or virtual environments.§481B-__(k) software application, web interface, or computer program, including any system that is integrated into or operates in conjunction with another social media platform, application, web interface, or computer program, that is accessible to the general public that primarily simulates human conversation and interaction through textual, visual, or aural communications. "Conversational artificial intelligence serviceConversational artificial intelligence service"Conversational artificial intelligence service" or "service" means an artificial intelligence software application, web interface, or computer program, including any system that is integrated into or operates in conjunction with another social media platform, application, web interface, or computer program, that is accessible to the general public that primarily simulates human conversation and interaction through textual, visual, or aural communications. "Conversational artificial intelligence service" does not include an application, web interface, or computer program that: (1) Is primarily designed and marketed for use by developers or researchers; (2) Is a feature within another software application, web interface, or computer program that is not a conversational artificial intelligence service; (3) Is designed to provide outputs relating to a narrow and discrete topic; (4) Is primarily designed and marketed for commercial use by business entities; (5) Functions as a speaker and voice command interface or voice-activated virtual assistant for a consumer electronic device; or (6) Is used by a business solely for internal purposes.§481B-__(k)" does not include an application, web interface, or computer program that: (1) Is primarily designed and marketed for use by developers or researchers; (2) Is a feature within another software application, web interface, or computer program that is not a conversational artificial intelligence serviceConversational artificial intelligence service"Conversational artificial intelligence service" or "service" means an artificial intelligence software application, web interface, or computer program, including any system that is integrated into or operates in conjunction with another social media platform, application, web interface, or computer program, that is accessible to the general public that primarily simulates human conversation and interaction through textual, visual, or aural communications. "Conversational artificial intelligence service" does not include an application, web interface, or computer program that: (1) Is primarily designed and marketed for use by developers or researchers; (2) Is a feature within another software application, web interface, or computer program that is not a conversational artificial intelligence service; (3) Is designed to provide outputs relating to a narrow and discrete topic; (4) Is primarily designed and marketed for commercial use by business entities; (5) Functions as a speaker and voice command interface or voice-activated virtual assistant for a consumer electronic device; or (6) Is used by a business solely for internal purposes.§481B-__(k); (3) Is designed to provide outputs relating to a narrow and discrete topic; (4) Is primarily designed and marketed for commercial use by business entities; (5) Functions as a speaker and voice command interface or voice-activated virtual assistant for a consumer electronic device; or (6) Is used by a business solely for internal purposes. "MinorMinor"Minor" means any person under eighteen years of age.§481B-__(k)" means any person under eighteen years of age. "OperatorOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k)" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence serviceConversational artificial intelligence service"Conversational artificial intelligence service" or "service" means an artificial intelligence software application, web interface, or computer program, including any system that is integrated into or operates in conjunction with another social media platform, application, web interface, or computer program, that is accessible to the general public that primarily simulates human conversation and interaction through textual, visual, or aural communications. "Conversational artificial intelligence service" does not include an application, web interface, or computer program that: (1) Is primarily designed and marketed for use by developers or researchers; (2) Is a feature within another software application, web interface, or computer program that is not a conversational artificial intelligence service; (3) Is designed to provide outputs relating to a narrow and discrete topic; (4) Is primarily designed and marketed for commercial use by business entities; (5) Functions as a speaker and voice command interface or voice-activated virtual assistant for a consumer electronic device; or (6) Is used by a business solely for internal purposes.§481B-__(k) to the public. "OperatorOperator"Operator" means a person who develops or makes available a conversational artificial intelligence service to the public. "Operator" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence service.§481B-__(k)" does not include mobile application stores or search engines solely because the mobile application store or search engine provides access to a conversational artificial intelligence serviceConversational artificial intelligence service"Conversational artificial intelligence service" or "service" means an artificial intelligence software application, web interface, or computer program, including any system that is integrated into or operates in conjunction with another social media platform, application, web interface, or computer program, that is accessible to the general public that primarily simulates human conversation and interaction through textual, visual, or aural communications. "Conversational artificial intelligence service" does not include an application, web interface, or computer program that: (1) Is primarily designed and marketed for use by developers or researchers; (2) Is a feature within another software application, web interface, or computer program that is not a conversational artificial intelligence service; (3) Is designed to provide outputs relating to a narrow and discrete topic; (4) Is primarily designed and marketed for commercial use by business entities; (5) Functions as a speaker and voice command interface or voice-activated virtual assistant for a consumer electronic device; or (6) Is used by a business solely for internal purposes.§481B-__(k). "Sexually explicit conductSexually explicit conduct"Sexually explicit conduct" has the same meaning as defined in title 18 United States Code section 2256.§481B-__(k)" has the same meaning as defined in title 18 United States Code section 2256.

Subsection (k) defines the key terms for the section. The definition of conversational artificial intelligence service is notable for its breadth — covering any AI application accessible to the general public that primarily simulates human conversation — and for its six carve-outs excluding developer/researcher tools, narrow-topic systems, business-to-business tools, voice assistants for consumer electronics, features within non-conversational applications, and internal business tools. The operator definition excludes app stores and search engines that merely provide access to a covered service.

Passage Likelihood

Low
Status Introduced
Chamber No passage
Committee No action
Majority party (No data)
Bipartisan No
Prior session None

Legislative History

2026-01-28 Introduced and Pass First Reading.
2026-02-02 Referred to ECD, CPC, JHA, referral sheet 6
2026-02-02 Bill scheduled to be heard by ECD on Friday, 02-06-26 8:30AM in House conference room 423 VIA VIDEOCONFERENCE.
2026-02-06 The committee on ECD recommend that the measure be PASSED, WITH AMENDMENTS. The votes were as follows: 7 Ayes: Representative(s) Ilagan, Hussey, Holt, Tam, Templo, Yamashita, Gedeon; Ayes with reservations: none; Noes: none; and Excused: none.
2026-02-11 Reported from ECD (Stand. Com. Rep. No. 146-26) as amended in HD 1, recommending passage on Second Reading and referral to CPC.
2026-02-11 Passed Second Reading as amended in HD 1 and referred to the committee(s) on CPC with none voting aye with reservations; none voting no (0) and Representative(s) Holt excused (1).

Entry Last Reviewed

2026-05-20
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